![]() ![]() One of the most widely used metrics is the Fountas and Pinnell (F&P) system. Leveled reading has been supported by myriad other studies since 1942, and the methods are deeply entrenched. ![]() Shanahan published an abbreviated version of the 1942 study in Reading Research Revisited. When Shanahan tracked down that 1942 dissertation, he found that it “provided no direct evidence for instruction level text matching,” he says. The theory cited in Betts’s book came from a doctoral dissertation written by one of his students. It was Emmett Betts’s 1946 textbook, Foundations of Reading Instruction, that first put forth the idea that students made the biggest gains by reading materials at their level.īetts, an influential authority on reading, spent his professional life in academia, writing more than 1,300 papers on aspects of education and reading. Shanahan detailed his findings in a paper that was part of the 1983 book Reading Research Revisited and has used more recent data to challenge many of the assumptions of leveled reading benefits. ![]() What changed?Īmong other factors, while researching aspects of reading effectiveness, Shanahan discovered that a key study used to promote the benefits of having children read books within their prescribed reading level contained data that was not backed up by direct evidence. As his stature rose, he became a vocal critic of leveled reading. Shanahan has devoted his career to literacy and was inducted into the Reading Hall of Fame in 2007. When Tim Shanahan, a leading literacy and reading expert, taught first grade, he used the leveled reading approach with his students. ![]()
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